Liver cirrhosis refers to scarring of the liver caused by long-term liver damage. When the liver is damaged, it cannot work as well as it should. Fibrous scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. This scar tissue prevents the liver from working properly.
Common Causes of Liver Cirrhosis
Alcohol Abuse
Excessive Liver cirrhosis alcohol intake over many years is the leading cause of cirrhosis in developed countries. Heavy drinking significantly increases the risk of developing cirrhosis. The risk increases with greater amounts of alcohol consumed daily and over many years.
Viral Hepatitis
Infections with hepatitis B and C viruses are a major cause of cirrhosis worldwide. Hepatitis B and C cause inflammation of the liver which can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis if not treated. Hepatitis C is the most common cause of cirrhosis in developing countries.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
NAFLD occurs when more fat accumulates in liver cells not due to excessive alcohol consumption or other known causes of liver disease. It can range from simple fatty liver or steatohepatitis to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is becoming a leading cause of cirrhosis in Western countries.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
In autoimmune hepatitis, the body’s immune system attacks its own liver cells causing long-term liver inflammation. This chronic inflammation can lead to progressive scarring or cirrhosis over many years if not effectively treated.
Genetic Hemochromatosis
This is an inherited defect in which the body absorbs too much iron. Stored iron gradually damages the liver and other organs. Without treatment, it often leads to cirrhosis.
Common Symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis
Fatigue and Weakness
The liver plays a central role in energy production and metabolism. Cirrhosis affects these functions leading to severe fatigue and lack of energy.
Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss
Without a fully functioning liver, the body is not able to effectively digest and utilize nutrients from food. This causes loss of appetite and gradual weight loss.
Abdominal Swelling
Fluid retention or ascites occurs when the damaged liver is not able to process fluids effectively. They get accumulated in the abdominal cavity leading to a swollen belly.
Jaundice
Jaundice refers to yellowing of the skin and eyes. It occurs when the liver fails to metabolize bilirubin, causing it to deposit in skin tissues.
Bruising or Bleeding Easily
Cirrhosis damages the liver’s ability to produce clotting factors. This leads to easy bruising and increased risk of bleeding from wounds or gastrointestinal tract.
Itchy Skin
Pruritus or itchy skin is a common symptom, especially at night. It is caused due to bile salts accumulating under the skin.
Confusion and Disorientation
Advanced liver disease can affect brain functions as well, causing symptoms like confusion, disorientation or even coma. This condition is called hepatic encephalopathy.
Treatment and Management of Liver Cirrhosis
Treating the Underlying Cause
The first step is treating or avoiding further damage from the underlying cause like alcohol, hepatitis infection or NAFLD. Controlling these factors prevents progression to more advanced stages.
Medications
Diuretics or ‘water pills’ help reduce fluid buildup in abdomen. Antibiotics help prevent bacterial infections. Supplements may be given to treat nutritional deficiencies. Medications are also used to manage complications.
Nutritional Support
A balanced, nutritious diet containing enough calories and protein is recommended. Supplements like vitamins and minerals could be needed. Excess alcohol, fats and sodium should be avoided.
End-Stage Liver Disease Treatment
For deteriorating liver that cannot regenerate on its own, a liver transplant may be needed. However, transplant centers evaluate each case for viability of new organ and the risks of surgery. Other palliative options include liver assist devices or liver cell therapies for future.
Self-Care and Monitoring
Getting adequate rest, avoiding strenuous activities, managing stress and promptly consulting for any new symptoms helps care. Periodic medical checkups monitor for complications like portal hypertension or hepatocellular carcinoma. This helps provide early treatment if needed.
*Note:
- Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research
- We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it
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